What’s the Difference Between Wet and Dry Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss among adults over 50. It affects the macula (the part of the retina responsible for central vision) and can make everyday tasks like reading, driving, or recognizing faces increasingly difficult. There are two main types of AMD: dry and wet. Understanding the difference between them is key to managing the condition and protecting your vision.

What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?

AMD is a progressive eye disease that damages the macula, which is crucial for sharp, straight-ahead vision. It typically develops as people age, though genetics, smoking, and other lifestyle factors can also increase your risk. There are two primary forms of AMD: dry AMD, which is the most common, and wet AMD, which is less common but more severe.

Dry Macular Degeneration

Dry AMD accounts for about 80–90% of all AMD cases. It occurs when the macula gradually thins and breaks down with age. Tiny clumps of protein called drusen accumulate under the retina, slowly disrupting vision over time.

Dry AMD usually progresses in three stages:

• Early stage: Small drusen with no noticeable vision loss

• Intermediate stage: Larger drusen and possible mild vision changes

• Late stage: Noticeable central vision loss due to significant macular damage

While dry AMD develops slowly, it can eventually lead to significant central vision impairment if left untreated.

Wet Macular Degeneration

Wet AMD is less common but more aggressive. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, damaging the macula rapidly. This leakage can cause sudden, severe central vision loss.

Symptoms of wet AMD may include:

• Distorted or wavy vision (straight lines appearing bent)

• A blurry or blind spot in the center of your vision

• Rapid vision changes over days or weeks

Because of its fast progression, wet AMD requires prompt medical treatment to prevent permanent damage.

Key Differences Between Dry and Wet AMD

The most significant difference between dry and wet macular degeneration lies in how the condition develops and progresses. Dry AMD is the more common form, accounting for approximately 80-90% of cases. It progresses slowly over time as the macula thins and accumulates drusen, leading to a gradual decline in central vision. In contrast, wet AMD is much less common but more serious, often causing rapid vision loss due to abnormal blood vessels growing under the retina and leaking fluid or blood.

Another key distinction is the speed of vision loss. Dry AMD typically causes subtle, progressive changes that may go unnoticed in the early stages. Wet AMD, however, can result in sudden and severe vision changes, such as distorted or wavy vision and blind spots in the center of your sight.

The underlying causes also differ. Dry AMD is associated with the slow breakdown of light-sensitive cells in the macula, while wet AMD results from the growth of fragile, leaky blood vessels beneath the retina. These abnormal vessels damage the macula quickly and can lead to permanent vision loss if not treated promptly.

When it comes to treatment, dry AMD has no cure but may be managed with lifestyle changes, nutritional supplements, and regular monitoring to slow progression. Wet AMD requires more urgent intervention, typically involving anti-VEGF injections to stop blood vessel growth and reduce leakage, and in some cases, laser therapy.

Why Routine Medical Eye Exams Are Crucial

One of the most important things you can do to protect your vision is schedule regular comprehensive eye exams. AMD, especially in its early stages, often develops without noticeable symptoms. By the time you realize something is wrong, vision loss may already be significant and irreversible.

Routine eye exams allow your optometrist to detect signs of AMD before symptoms appear and to monitor any changes over time. Early detection is key to slowing progression and preserving your sight - especially if the condition advances from dry to wet AMD.

Protect Your Vision with Early Detection

Understanding the differences between wet and dry AMD empowers you to take control of your eye health. With regular eye exams, healthy lifestyle choices, and timely treatment, you can reduce your risk of vision loss and maintain your quality of life.

If you’re over 50 or have a family history of macular degeneration, schedule your annual eye exam at Hills Vision Studio to stay ahead of AMD. Visit our office in Bedminster, New Jersey, or call (908) 781-7707 to book an appointment today.